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Food allergies represent a significant and potentially life-threatening immune system reaction that occurs after consuming certain foods. Unlike food intolerances, which can cause discomfort without involving the immune system, food allergies trigger a swift response from the body's immune system to what it mistakenly identifies as harmful substances. The range of symptoms varies, from mild reactions like hives or gastrointestinal discomfort to severe, life-threatening conditions such as anaphylaxis—a rapid, systemic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Common food allergies include nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, and soy. The prevalence of food allergies has been increasing globally, affecting both children and adults and necessitating greater awareness and understanding of how to identify, manage, and treat these allergic reactions effectively.
What is the difference between a food allergy and a food intolerance? Food allergies may lead to symptoms ranging from skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. The body's immune system erroneously identifies proteins found in the food as harmful, triggering a reaction designed to protect the body. Food intolerances, like lactose intolerance, stem from digestive issues without immune involvement, causing discomfort rather than severe reactions like food allergies. Sensitivities involve mild, non-immune reactions. The immune system involves the production of IgE antibodies specific to the allergen upon first exposure. Subsequent exposure to the same allergen triggers the immune system to release various chemicals, including histamine, which lead to allergic reactions. Mast cells and basophils release inflammatory mediators that cause allergy symptoms.
The top 8 allergens, often referred to as the "Big 8," account for the majority of food allergy reactions worldwide. The "Big 8"allergens include:
Beyond the "Big 8," less common food allergens exist which include sesame seeds, which have gained recognition for their potential to cause severe allergic reactions. Less prevalent allergens include certain fruits and vegetables, spices, and meats.
The rise in food additive sensitivities, including colorings, flavorings, and preservatives, presents new challenges in managing and diagnosing food allergies. Global food supply chains and food processing methods complicate food allergies that need to be safeguarded against through research and food labeling because labels help people avoid allergens.
Symptoms of allergic reactions to food can range from mild to severe and typically manifest within minutes to a few hours after consuming the offending food. It's crucial to recognize these symptoms early for prompt management. Watch for these symptoms:
Recognizing these symptoms promptly can be life-saving, especially in the case of anaphylaxis, where timely administration of epinephrine is critical.
Skin prick and blood tests diagnose allergies by exposing the body to suspected allergens and measuring reactions. Skin prick tests induce a direct skin response, while blood tests detect specific antibodies to allergens.
To identify your food allergies we draw a blood sample at Portland Urgent Care, to measure food-specific IgG4 antibodies using the ELISA method to pinpoint delayed allergic reactions. IgG4, the least prevalent IgG subclass in the blood, accounts for under 5% of total IgG in normal conditions. With continuous allergen exposure, IgG4 levels can significantly increase, leading to a pronounced immune response.IgG4 has a strong affinity for allergens, making it a more precise marker for chronic food sensitivities than measuring total IgG levels.
Oral food challenges (OFCs) and elimination diets are two approaches in diagnosing and managing food allergies. An OFC considered the gold standard for allergy diagnosis, involves the controlled ingestion of the suspected allergen in a medical setting to monitor for reactions, allowing for accurate identification. Elimination diets remove the suspected allergen from the diet for a period, followed by a gradual reintroduction to observe for adverse reactions. This pinpoints food sensitivities or allergies.
Our Portland Urgent Care medical professionals diagnose allergies using patient history, various food allergy tests like skin prick, and blood tests to identify allergens and assess the severity of reactions. We offer guidance on avoidance strategies and advice on emergency responses for allergy sufferers. Rather than relying solely on medication to alleviate your symptoms, consult with our Portland Urgent Care Allergy Specialist to determine the root cause of your allergies.
Avoidance strategies for managing allergens requires being vigilant about foods you consume and their preparation processes. Inform restaurant staff about your allergies and inquire about ingredients and cooking methods. At home, separate utensils and cooking surfaces should be used to prevent cross-contamination. For those allergic to wheat flour or peanuts, avoiding environments where these allergens are present in the air is also crucial. Educate friends, family, and caregivers about your allergy, including what to do in case of accidental exposure.
Carefully read food labels to identify allergens by recognizing alternative names for allergens. Understanding labeling laws and allergen declarations is essential for avoiding allergic reactions.
Always have emergency medication ready. Proactive measures reduce exposure.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. Symptoms can affect multiple body systems and may include difficulty breathing, hives or itching, swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat, a rapid drop in blood pressure, dizziness or fainting, stomach pain, vomiting or diarrhea, and a feeling of doom. Recognizing the signs is important for timely intervention. Seek prompt emergency medical attention, because anaphylaxis can quickly escalate to a medical emergency.
Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector is important if you have severe allergies. It's the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis which is life-threatening. It quickly delivers a dose of epinephrine, by opening airways, improving blood pressure, and reducing swelling, buying crucial time to seek emergency medical care.
Creating a food allergy treatment action plan should include identification of your allergens, symptoms of an allergic reaction, how to treat mild to severe levels of reactions, emergency contact information, and instructions for medication use, like antihistamines and epinephrine auto-injectors. Your plan should be shared and understood by family members, teachers, and caregivers, to ensure a quick response in case of emergency.
At Portland Urgent Care, we stress the importance of identifying and managing food allergies to ensure your well-being. Don't let uncertainty impact your health; get tested to discover your specific allergies. Knowing what you're allergic to enables you to adapt and live a safer, more comfortable life.
